Bar and Rod
Plate and Sheet
Strip
Pipe and Tube
Wire
Welding
Powder Material
Cast Products
Forged Products
Fittings
Fastening
Round Bar:
φ2–500 mm, 1–6 m length
Flat/Square Bar:
4–100 mm thickness/width
Hex Bar:
A/F 3–100 mm
Hollow Bar:
OD 20–300 mm
Sheet:
0.3–6 mm thickness
Medium Plate:
6–25 mm thickness
Heavy Plate:
25–100 mm thickness
Standard Strip:
0.05–3 mm thick,
10–600 mm wide
Precision strip:
0.01–0.5 mm thick,
tight tolerance ±0.005 mm
Foil:
0.005–0.1 mm thick
Seamless Tube:
OD 6–450 mm,
WT 1–50 mm,
1–12 m length
Welded Tube:
OD 10–600 mm,
WT 1–20 mm
Capillary Tube:
OD 1–10 mm,
WT 0.1–2 mm
Wire Form:
Cold Drawn Wire,
Bright Wire,
Spring Wire,
Fine Wire,
Ultra-fine Wire
General Diameter:
φ0.1–10 mm
Coil Weight:
50–500 kg,
customizable tolerance
Solid Wire:
φ0.8–4.0 mm
Flux-cored Wire:
φ1.2–4.0 mm
Welding Rod:
φ2.0–5.0 mm
Powder Form:
AM 3D Printing Powder,
Spherical Powder,
Gas-atomized Powder,
Water-atomized Powder
Particle Size:
10–150 μm
Sphericity:
≥90% for AM grade
Cast Ingot:
φ200–800 mm
Precision Casting:
min wall 0.5 mm
Cast Pipe:
OD 100–600 mm,
WT 10–50 mm
Forged Bar:
Φ35–500 mm
Forged Ring:
OD 200–2000 mm
Forging Weight:
1–5000 kg
Fittings Form:
Elbow, Tee, Reducer, Flange, Cap, Outlet, Lap Joint
Size range:
1/2''–24'' (DN15–DN600)
Wall thickness:
Sch10–Sch160, STD, XS, XXS
Pressure Class:
150–2500 LB
Fastening Form:
Bolt, Nut, Screw, Stud, Washer, Pin, Rivet
Metric: M3–M64
Imperial: #4–2.5''
Length: 6–500 mm
Alloy 690 is a single-phase, austenitic high-chromium nickel–chromium–iron alloy offering outstanding resistance to corrosive aqueous media and high-temperature atmospheres. This datasheet presents the material within the Alloy trade-name designation system.
Its very high chromium content (around 30%) gives outstanding resistance to oxidising chemicals and to high-temperature oxidising gases, while the high nickel content imparts resistance to chloride-induced stress-corrosion cracking and to caustic (sodium hydroxide) solutions. The alloy has high strength, good metallurgical stability and favorable fabrication characteristics. The low carbon content minimises grain-boundary carbide precipitation, preserving corrosion resistance in the heat-affected zones of welded joints.
Resistance to oxidising acids is exceptional, and the alloy resists nitric and nitric/hydrofluoric acid mixtures, sulphidation and high-temperature oxidation. It is the standard material for pressurized-water-reactor steam generator tubing, and is widely used in nitric acid production, pickling installations, and components for high-temperature oxidising and carburising environments, with operating capability up to approximately 1000 °C.
| Property | Value | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| Density | 8.19 | g/cm³ |
| Melting range | 1343–1377 | °C |
| Elastic modulus | 211 | GPa |
| Coefficient of thermal expansion (20–100 °C) | 14.0 | µm/m·°C |
| Maximum operating temperature | ~1000 | °C |
| Structure | Single-phase austenitic (FCC) | — |
| Element | Symbol | Min % | Max % | Role in Alloy |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nickel | Ni | 58.0 | — | Austenitic FCC matrix; SCC + caustic resistance |
| Chromium | Cr | 27.0 | 31.0 | Oxidation + oxidising-acid resistance; passive film |
| Iron | Fe | 7.0 | 11.0 | Solid-solution element |
| Manganese | Mn | — | 0.50 | Deoxidiser |
| Silicon | Si | — | 0.50 | Deoxidiser |
| Copper | Cu | — | 0.50 | Residual |
| Carbon | C | — | 0.05 | Low; minimises HAZ carbide precipitation |
| Sulphur | S | — | 0.015 | Residual impurity |
Typical values; confirm against the mill test certificate for each delivery.
| Condition | Tensile strength | Operating temperature |
|---|---|---|
| Annealed | ≥586 MPa (≥85 ksi) | Up to ~1000 °C |
| Annealed (0.2% yield) | ≥240 MPa (≥35 ksi) | — |
| Elastic modulus | 211 GPa | — |
The alloy is a single-phase solid-solution material; it is not age-hardenable. Higher strength is obtained by cold work. Typical annealed elongation is ≥30%.
| Environment | Performance | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Nitric acid (HNO₃) | Outstanding | Very high chromium content |
| Nitric / hydrofluoric mixtures | Outstanding | Pickling installations |
| Caustic (NaOH) | Outstanding | High nickel content |
| Chloride stress-corrosion cracking | Outstanding | High nickel content |
| Pitting and crevice corrosion | Very Good | High chromium content |
| High-temperature oxidation | Outstanding | Stable Cr₂O₃ scale |
| Carburisation / nitridation | Very Good | High Cr + Ni |
The alloy is a single-phase, solid-solution material and is NOT age-hardenable. Heat treatment is for solution annealing only.
Solution Anneal Purpose: Dissolves secondary phases, restores maximum corrosion resistance and ductility, recrystallises cold-worked structure. Typically 1040–1100 °C followed by rapid cooling (water quench) to retain the single-phase structure. A thermal treatment (e.g. ~715 °C) is sometimes applied to nuclear tubing to optimise the grain-boundary carbide structure and stress-corrosion-cracking resistance.
Cold work is used to increase strength where required; a subsequent solution anneal removes the effects of cold work.
Excellent weldability; the low carbon content preserves corrosion resistance in the heat-affected zone. Matched-composition welding products give as-welded resistance in oxidising and caustic environments.
| Welding Process | Applicability | Filler / Consumable |
|---|---|---|
| GTAW / TIG | Excellent | AWS A5.14 ERNiCrFe-7 |
| GMAW / MIG | Excellent | AWS A5.14 ERNiCrFe-7 |
| SMAW / stick | Excellent | AWS A5.11 ENiCrFe-7 electrode |
The welding products are also used for dissimilar-metal and overmatched welding. No post-weld heat treatment is normally required.
Machining Guidelines
| Parameter | Recommendation |
|---|---|
| Work hardening | High rate (typical of Ni-Cr-Fe alloys); rigid setup, sharp tooling, positive rake |
| Cutting | Low speed, sufficient feed/depth to cut below the work-hardened layer |
| Coolant | Ample flood coolant |
| Preferred condition | Solution-annealed |
Forming Processes
| Process | Notes |
|---|---|
| Cold forming | Readily cold-formed; high work-hardening rate; intermediate solution anneal for heavy reductions |
| Hot forming | ~1150–950 °C; followed by rapid cooling to retain single-phase structure |
| Tube / bar | Standard product forms for steam generator and process service |
| Industry | Typical Components | Key Requirements |
|---|---|---|
| Nuclear power | Steam generator tubes, tubesheets, baffles | Chloride/caustic SCC resistance |
| Chemical processing | Nitric acid reheaters, pickling tanks and coils | Nitric / HF acid resistance |
| Heat treatment | Furnace components, retorts, fixtures | High-temperature oxidation resistance |
| Petrochemical | High-temperature process equipment | Oxidation + carburisation resistance |
| Pollution control | Acid-bearing process hardware | Oxidising-media resistance |
| Product Form | ASTM Standard | ASME Code |
|---|---|---|
| Rod and bar | ASTM B166 | ASME SB-166 |
| Plate, sheet and strip | ASTM B168 | ASME SB-168 |
| Seamless pipe and tube | ASTM B167 | ASME SB-167 |
| Welded tube | ASTM B626 | ASME SB-626 |
| Forgings | ASTM B564 | ASME SB-564 |
| Fittings | ASTM B366 | ASME SB-366 |
| Welding consumables | AWS A5.14 ERNiCrFe-7 | — |
Qualified for sour-service per ISO 15156-3 / NACE MR0175.
| Alloy Grade | Ni % | Cr % | Fe % | Other | Best Used For |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alloy 690 | ≥58 | 27–31 | 7–11 | — | Nuclear SG tubing; nitric acid; high-temp oxidation |
| Alloy 600 | ≥72 | 14–17 | 6–10 | — | General Ni-Cr-Fe; high-temperature service |
| Alloy 601 | 58–63 | 21–25 | bal | Al 1–1.7 | High-temperature oxidation resistance |
| Alloy 625 | ≥58 | 20–23 | ≤5 | Mo 8–10; Nb 3.15–4.15 | Seawater; chemical process; high strength |
| Alloy 800H | 30–35 | 19–23 | ≥39.5 | — | High-temperature Fe-Ni-Cr |
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